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  1. #1
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    Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    My EE friend Phil was over this morning to take some electrical measurements on my speakers for some speaker cables he wants to build and have me try.

    He took some other measurements of things out of curiosity. He was very surprised when we checked the voltage leakage between neutral and ground of some receptacles in my room.

    My amps are plugged into 20 amp Shunyata duplex receptacles compared to a the 20 amp Leviton receptacles that my speakers and subs are plugged into.

    The leakage on the Shunyata was 1.1 milli-volts. The leakage on the Leviton was 800 milli-volts.

    I went down to the main panel and re-tightened all neutral, ground and hot leads to all of the outlets. Nothing changed but we eliminated the possibility of a loose connection causing it.

    I will be changing the Leviton outlets better quality outlets.
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  2. #2
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    It's not leakage voltage! This is normal and correct, it's not about the receptacles, it's about the circuit.
    In any circuit that is using power, there will be a voltage between the Neutral and the Safety Ground. The more current in the circuit the more voltage, difference, that's how electricity works. I use a room space heater for this kind of test. Might see 2V or more with the heater on and near 0V with no load on a circuit. If the N & SG difference in near 0V with load, you have a dangerous Bootleg Ground.
    Those little 3 LED testers are not smart enough to find this dangerous problem.

  3. #3
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    This is not a Bootleg Ground issue. Each duplex is on a separate breaker. There is #10 Romex run from each outlet to the main panel 25' away. No wires crossover anywhere that would cause this. This is an issue in the design of the outlet.

    The orange outlets you see people using that are generally used in hospitals as they offer an extra grounding protection between the neutral and ground.

    This was done with no load on any of the outlets. How would you possibly get a numerical reading from a 3 bulb LED tester you appear to suggest was used?
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  4. #4
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Sorry about the 3 LED tester part, that was an after thought for other readers.
    There is no way any receptacle in good repair can have leakage currents like that.
    Maybe it's the problem that Bill Whitlock wrote about:

    "Ground Loops: The Rest of the Story"
    Bill Whitlock, AES Fellow and Jamie Fox, P.E.
    http://www.jensen-transformers.com/w...ic-Version.pdf

    skip over the math pages.

  5. #5
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I agree that there is something wrong with the Leviton receptacles. That is why I am changing them out.

    I without a doubt believe it is a case of cheap, non standard products that Home Depot, Lowes and other large purchasers sell.

    It is not an isolated item as all of the Leviton receptacles in the room and they are all on separate breakers in the panel.

    I believe Shunyata starts with Hubble products for their receptacles so I might try one to see how it tests first.
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  6. #6
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I'm not a fan of Leviton receptacles either.
    But lets look at the circuit differently.
    With a 20 foot 10 AWG Romex® run, there is about 0.1 Ohm resistance between the receptacle Neutral & Safety Ground pins.
    Using Ohm's Law: I = E/R or 0.8V/0.1R = 8 Amps of current.

  7. #7
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Thinking further:


    • Do the 2 Romex's® return to the main breaker box or a sub-panel?
    • Do the 2 Neutral wires connect to the same Neutral bus bar?
    • Do the 2 Safety Ground wires connect to the same ground bus bar?
    Last edited by Speedskater; May 16, 2020 at 12:14 PM. Reason: typo

  8. #8
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Something’s amiss here apart from the outlets. Pull the outlets out altogether and measure the voltages at the bare wire ends. Be careful. Report back.
    Tom

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  9. #9
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Speedskater View Post
    Thinking further:


    • Do the 2 Romex's® return to the main breaker box or a sub-panel?
    • Do the 2 Neutral wires connect to the same Neutral bus bar?
    • Do the 2 Safety Ground wires connect to the same ground bus bar?
    All 8 circuits from the listening roo runs to the same main breaker box that is 25' away.

    It is a Square D QO panel that is 8 years old. The entire run from the pole underground to the meter housing and disconnect is 8 years old. This includes our own green transformer box that is on a concrete pad and 300' from the house.
    The panel is within 3' of the meter housing/disconnect on the inside of the house wall.

    It really seems the Leviton product is not a quality one.
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  10. #10
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by W9TR View Post
    Something’s amiss here apart from the outlets. Pull the outlets out altogether and measure the voltages at the bare wire ends. Be careful. Report back.
    I will do that but, all of the outlets in the room showed the same proper voltage.

    The 3 Shunyata SR-Z1 outlets had the 1.1 milli-volt reading and all the Leviton had readings in the range of the 800 milli-volt between neutral and ground.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I’m not suggesting that the Leviton outlets are good - they are probably garbage. But this just doesn't make sense to me.

    Do you have a torque wrench and have you checked the torque on all the connections? The Square D website will have torque specs for all the breakers and buss bars. Ensure that everything is torqued to spec.
    Tom

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  12. #12
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by W9TR View Post
    I’m not suggesting that the Leviton outlets are good - they are probably garbage. But this just doesn't make sense to me.

    Do you have a torque wrench and have you checked the torque on all the connections? The Square D website will have torque specs for all the breakers and buss bars. Ensure that everything is torqued to spec.
    Hey Tom, I was not aware of Torque settings? I will look into this myself for the heck of it.


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  13. #13
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Be very, very careful when doing tests like these. While Tom & I are experienced working with dangerous electricity, if you make a mistake, you don't get a do-over.

  14. #14

    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Speedskater View Post
    Be very, very careful when doing tests like these. While Tom & I are experienced working with dangerous electricity, if you make a mistake, you don't get a do-over.
    Yeah, I can see a bunch of audiophiles buying torque wrenches to torque down electrical connections they know nothing about. What could possibly go wrong?
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Hey Ed - every breaker panel and the associated breakers will have a torque spec associated with every connection. It’s safe and easy to check all the branch circuits - just pull the main breaker and torque away.

    The main high current connections into the distribution panel - that’s a different story. I recommend getting an electrician in to that because of the arc/flash hazard. Alternately you can pull the meter.

    I find it funny that people will spend $3,000 on a power cord or $300 on a fancy outlet but don’t check the connections in their power distribution panel, which takes 10 Minutes and costs $30 for a torque wrench if you don’t already own one.
    Tom

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  16. #16
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    Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Speedskater View Post
    Be very, very careful when doing tests like these. While Tom & I are experienced working with dangerous electricity, if you make a mistake, you don't get a do-over.
    Yes, you are correct, I just never heard of torque wrenching at the panel aside from most electricians understanding how sound can be improved with power in our world.


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  17. #17
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by W9TR View Post
    Hey Ed - every breaker panel and the associated breakers will have a torque spec associated with every connection. It’s safe and easy to check all the branch circuits - just pull the main breaker and torque away.

    The main high current connections into the distribution panel - that’s a different story. I recommend getting an electrician in to that because of the arc/flash hazard. Alternately you can pull the meter.

    I find it funny that people will spend $3,000 on a power cord or $300 on a fancy outlet but don’t check the connections in their power distribution panel, which takes 10 Minutes and costs $30 for a torque wrench if you don’t already own one.
    Thanks Tom,

    Totally clear, and makes sense.


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  18. #18
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by UltraFast69 View Post
    Thanks Tom,

    Totally clear, and makes sense.

    Since I never heard of this, I searched and found a good article about this, that may help the OP and others to look into as I have never heard or done this and guilty of higher dollar cables and receptacles:

    https://iaeimagazine.org/magazine/20...proper-torque/


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  19. #19

    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by W9TR View Post
    Hey Ed - every breaker panel and the associated breakers will have a torque spec associated with every connection. It’s safe and easy to check all the branch circuits - just pull the main breaker and torque away.

    The main high current connections into the distribution panel - that’s a different story. I recommend getting an electrician in to that because of the arc/flash hazard. Alternately you can pull the meter.

    I find it funny that people will spend $3,000 on a power cord or $300 on a fancy outlet but don’t check the connections in their power distribution panel, which takes 10 Minutes and costs $30 for a torque wrench if you don’t already own one.
    I find it risky that you are promoting audiophiles with no electrical experience to buy torque wrenches to tighten down connections inside of their power panels when the electricians that wired the house and the panel didn't use a torque wrench. If it is so vitally important to torque all of the connections, why aren't electricians doing it? Probably because they follow the old rule that tight is tight and too tight is broke. So, if you want audiophiles to jump down the torque wrench rabbit hole, lets talk about calibration. Does the torque wrench come with a certificate of calibration? If so, how long is it good for? Once the calibration date expires, what's the plan and periodicity for keeping the torque wrench in calibration? How much will the calibration cost? Will it be cheaper to throw out your $30 torque wrench that probably never came with a certificate of calibration in the first place and just buy another one? You really don't want to use a torque wrench that's out of calibration to make these oh so critical connections do you?
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  20. #20
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I torque my mains and meter sockets. We torque and draw a line across every torqued lug on commercial jobs.

    I dont torque my small circuit breakers any more. I have landed enough branch circuits to know what is correct. But hey, I have landed thousands of breakers. And, I have stripped out the threads not using a torque wrench.

  21. #21
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    As to tightening torque for connectors and terminals. NEC Article 110.14(D) is about torque, some products have a recommended value or range while others have a proscribed value or range. But I would guess with most residential electricians, if you hide their torque wrench they might not notice it for a month.

  22. #22
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    May I suggest Furutech outlets....
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  23. #23
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I am promoting the fact that proper torque is foundational to all electrical panel installations.
    If you are not comfortable working around 120/240 panels hire an electrician.
    If your electrician does not use a torque wrench find one that does.
    And yes, my torque wrench came with a C of C.
    And no, it doesn't indicate a cal interval, and no I don't have a NIST calibrated torque motor to test it with.
    But I do check my torque wrenches against each other and they don't drift.
    Tom

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  24. #24
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    dupe
    Last edited by W9TR; May 17, 2020 at 11:39 AM. Reason: didn't include quote

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Kingrex View Post
    I torque my mains and meter sockets. We torque and draw a line across every torqued lug on commercial jobs.

    I dont torque my small circuit breakers any more. I have landed enough branch circuits to know what is correct. But hey, I have landed thousands of breakers. And, I have stripped out the threads not using a torque wrench.
    You've got the advantage of probably tens of thousands of connections - and lots of experience to know what is correct. The average homeowner or audiophile just doesn't.
    Tom

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  26. #26
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Just noticed the NEC Article 110.14(D) was first added in NEC2017. There was no such torque rule before then.

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I would say both camps of thought are correct here.

    I use Hubbell HBL5362 for affordably priced audiophile receptacles. I just tried putting my Fluke True RMS meter across the grounds, neutral and hots on a leviton receptacle. There is no leakage as far as resistance. I still don't doubt there could be micro voltage across the neutral and ground via a receptacle. The insulating material between 2 electrically conductive materials is all that keeps them from shorting out. different materials insulate better than others. It is not at all inconceivable that a small amount of current could pass between the prongs of a receptacle. This could even be due to dirt, oil etc on the surfaces of the receptacle. I do not have a megger to induce high voltage and measure that leakage.


    The basic foundation of electricity is that putting to wires in close proximity to each other will cause one wire to induce current and voltage onto the other wire. That is the reason transformers work. In its most basic form, a transformer is 2 sets of independent wires in close proximity to each other. The voltage and current from one is induced to the other. Any time you take any amount of wire and run it from point A to point B, some amount of voltage and current is inducing from one wire to the others. This can easily be measured.

    I also find voltage potential issues in the main panel and sub panels themselves. For example. Square D QO is a great sub panel. Copper Bus with robust connections. However, if 2 ground bars are installed. One on one side of the panel and the other on the opposite, and a piece of #4 copper conductor is not laced between the 2 ground bars, the only path for ground between the two is through 1 or 2 small screws and the sheet metal can. There will be voltage potential difference between the 2 grounds and especially between the ground and neutral connection.

    This thinking is brought back to the main panel where the subpanel is fed from. Most residential main panels have aluminum bus bars. The neutral on either side of the bus are connected with a steel jumper. There is micro voltage potential right there between the two neutral bar. Same for the ground. That whole system needs to be laced together, sometimes at multiple points to rid micro voltage differences. Where you decide to tap you subpanel feeds is critical in the main panel. You may be adding a half to almost a whole volt of electrical potential to the subfeed run right there in the main panel if you tap at the wrong place. It only compounds and gets worse the further down the line you go.
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  28. #28

    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Speedskater View Post
    As to tightening torque for connectors and terminals. NEC Article 110.14(D) is about torque, some products have a recommended value or range while others have a proscribed value or range. But I would guess with most residential electricians, if you hide their torque wrench they might not notice it for a month.
    I also wouldn’t be surprised that audiophiles that suddenly become concerned with torquing the connections inside their power panels that call up electricians and ask if they will come to their house and check the torque of the connections in their power panel get hung up on.
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  29. #29
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by W9TR View Post
    You've got the advantage of probably tens of thousands of connections - and lots of experience to know what is correct. The average homeowner or audiophile just doesn't.
    Just a couple weeks ago I was training one of my "Journeymen" on how to feel the torque. What he really needed to learn was how to properly handle a socket and wrench. There is a way to hold the wrench and feel the resistance. One hand wont do it. You have to use 2. You also have to "massage" copper conductors as they are torqued to get them to spread even and accept the lug. Little 20 amp CB don't need all the massaging, but you do need to have one way you always hold your square drive to know the pressure you are applying is the same every time. You also need to torque a few with a wrench, then feel them with a square drive to know what is what.

    I still grab a torque wrench every time I work on the lower unit on my Yamaha outboard. I don't trust myself enough to not strip one of those bolts in an aluminum case.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I trq mine to 97 lb ft ............
    Attached Images Attached Images
    Cheers ! …. Dave

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Mikado463 View Post
    I trq mine to 97 lb ft ............
    There is one in every crowd/thread. ;-)
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by W9TR View Post
    Hey Ed - every breaker panel and the associated breakers will have a torque spec associated with every connection. It’s safe and easy to check all the branch circuits - just pull the main breaker and torque away.

    The main high current connections into the distribution panel - that’s a different story. I recommend getting an electrician in to that because of the arc/flash hazard. Alternately you can pull the meter.

    I find it funny that people will spend $3,000 on a power cord or $300 on a fancy outlet but don’t check the connections in their power distribution panel, which takes 10 Minutes and costs $30 for a torque wrench if you don’t already own one.
    I agree Tom. When we discovered the difference I went down and re-tightened the neutral, load and ground wire for each receptacle.
    Phil suggested we tighten the main lugs but i didn't have a large enough allen wrench at home. I will bring one home from the shop this week.

    I have been in construction for many years and have not seen an electrician use a torque wrench since the early 80's. Thanks for bringing this up.

    Fortunately, I can shut off the power for the panel at the meter housing disconnect for that panel before tightening the lugs.

    Thanks for all of the response.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by brad225 View Post
    There is one in every crowd/thread. ;-)
    didn't want to let you down Brad !
    Cheers ! …. Dave

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by UltraFast69 View Post
    Thanks Tom,

    Totally clear, and makes sense.

    Since I never heard of this, I searched and found a good article about this, that may help the OP and others to look into as I have never heard or done this and guilty of higher dollar cables and receptacles:

    https://iaeimagazine.org/magazine/20...proper-torque/


    Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk Pro
    Thanks. Super interesting.

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I was reading through the Jensen link from Speedskater. Joe Pitman a long time ago told me to twist the hot and neutral and leave the ground strait. I have been doing this in my made cables and pipe runs for a while now. I wish they had measured values of the LN twist in PVC and steel conduit. The loose wire in conduit is not strong on the graph, but it was not measured. It was calculated.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    I went down to the main panel and re-tightened all neutral, ground and hot leads to all of the outlets. Nothing changed but we eliminated the possibility of a loose connection causing it.

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    My EE friend Phil is out of range for input this holiday weekend so I'll start here.

    I decided to change a couple of QO breakers in by panel for the audio room to get rid of Arc Fault breakers. When I looked at the chart I made for my music room I discovered the outlets that we tested and showed leakage between neutral and ground were on Arc Fault breakers.

    Can you electrical experts fill me in on how the AF breakers might cause this since they are connected to the hot buss bar and the neutral also?
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Welcome

    Quote Originally Posted by Lisa Stray View Post
    I went down to the main panel and re-tightened all neutral, ground and hot leads to all of the outlets. Nothing changed but we eliminated the possibility of a loose connection causing it.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Lisa, what were you trying to fix.

    Brad, no idea. My guess is the intelligent current sensing technology may use a doughnut type current transformer wrapped around the hot, neutral and ground. Did you notice any sonic difference changing to a non intelligent breaker.

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    It's not leakage. It's voltage drop caused by current flow.
    Or something is mis-wired.

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Kingrex View Post
    Lisa, what were you trying to fix.

    Brad, no idea. My guess is the intelligent current sensing technology may use a doughnut type current transformer wrapped around the hot, neutral and ground. Did you notice any sonic difference changing to a non intelligent breaker.
    I am changing them this morning and will see. My speakers are plugged into them so I'm not sure I will but everything matters.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Speedskater View Post
    It's not leakage. It's voltage drop caused by current flow.
    Or something is mis-wired.

    The only place left for a mis-wire is within the breaker. Everything else is properly done.

    I should receive replacement receptacles this week and will change out the Leviton currently in question.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Kingrex View Post
    Lisa, what were you trying to fix.
    Brad, no idea. My guess is the intelligent current sensing technology may use a doughnut type current transformer wrapped around the hot, neutral and ground. Did you notice any sonic difference changing to a non intelligent breaker.
    The current transformers won't matter. The Neutral and Safety Ground are connected together in the main breaker box. So at the start of the cable run the Neutral and Safety Ground are at exactly the same potential. If they have different voltages at a receptacle, it means that current is flowing in one of the conductors (and that current would be measured in Amps).

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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by brad225 View Post
    The only place left for a mis-wire is within the breaker. Everything else is properly done.

    I should receive replacement receptacles this week and will change out the Leviton currently in question.
    I just bought a 10 pack of Hubbell HBL5362. You want a couple. Not looking to make money, just cover my costs. I only need 2.

    let us know on the breaker change.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    [QUOTE=Speedskater;303076 The Neutral and Safety Ground are connected together in the main breaker box. So at the start of the cable run the Neutral and Safety Ground are at exactly the same potential. If they have different voltages at a receptacle, it means that current is flowing in one of the conductors (and that current would be measured in Amps).[/QUOTE]

    I have found this to not be true. Most electricians only ground at the main disconnect with the large green screw through the neutral buss to the can. That means the only connection the ground has to the neutral is 2 screws and some sheet metal. And, the further down the bus bars you go, the worse the milivolt potential. Especially with the neutral being boned on both sides with a piece of sheet steel. I have seen 30 to 40 milivolt in the main panel between neutral and ground depending on where you take the measurement. There is possibly 10 to 20 milivolts between neutral to neutral from the start to end of the bars. Depending on the panel. Square D QO with the copper bus is much better than Homeline, Siemens, CH etc,

    In all my panels I take a #4 from the 1st position of the neutral bar and jump it to the middle of the ground bar. I then jump from one ground bar to the opposite side ground with another #4 jumper. In my audio panels I do even more lacing between neutral to neutral. I also always tap audio circuits from the neutral and ground right at the point I have my jumpers bonding the system together. It makes a big difference.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by brad225 View Post
    My EE friend Phil is out of range for input this holiday weekend so I'll start here.

    I decided to change a couple of QO breakers in by panel for the audio room to get rid of Arc Fault breakers. When I looked at the chart I made for my music room I discovered the outlets that we tested and showed leakage between neutral and ground were on Arc Fault breakers.

    Can you electrical experts fill me in on how the AF breakers might cause this since they are connected to the hot buss bar and the neutral also?
    Brad, out of curiosity, are your branch circuits tied to the receptacles in phase?


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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Yes all of the are on the same phase in the panel.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by Kingrex View Post
    I just bought a 10 pack of Hubbell HBL5362. You want a couple. Not looking to make money, just cover my costs. I only need 2.

    let us know on the breaker change.
    Sorry, I thought I responded.
    I have already ordered some receptacles. They should be here this week. Should I change any others I would be interested.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Quote Originally Posted by UltraFast69 View Post
    Brad, out of curiosity, are your branch circuits tied to the receptacles in phase?


    Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk Pro
    Today I undertook a breaker realignment in the panel. We have 2- 200 amp panels in the house and I installed all of the breakers to my listening room in the lesser used panel.

    Other than 2 double pole breakers I was able to remove all other breakers from the phase that my music room is on. I also moved them as close to the main 200 amp breaker in the panel.

    I only had an issue with the two circuits that are for the receptacles for my speakers. Those were also the breakers that were arc-fault and I removed them and put in new QO breakers. The wires to both of those breakers were not long enough to move them very far so I chose to extend them by twisting on another piece of #10 Romex and soldering the connection before adding wire nuts. It is not my preference but it allowed them to move to the other end of the buss bar.
    Any opinions on that are welcome.

    A couple of the breakers could have moved one space closer to the main breaker on the buss bar but would require a solder connection. I decided it was not worth the extra resistance in the soldered joint to move the 1 space on that phase.

    One thing I hadn't realized is that I had the 3 slide dimmers for the 20 - MR16 Halogen lights in the room on the same phase as the equipment. I moved them to the other phase also.

    Once I finished, I put on a playlist that gets regular play time and there was a noticeable difference in the dynamics. That was for across the board from low to high. I can't say for sure others that listen to my system from time to time will notice but it was obviously to me, at least today.

    Is it possible that I might just be having better than average power in our part of the county today? Yes, so I will update this as I listen more.

    New receptacles arrive on Wednesday to replace the in question Leviton product. Time will tell whether it is piece of mind only or if it helps. If nothing else, it can't hurt. Well, other than fat fingers working with #10 wire in a small wall box but that's the price of progress.
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    Re: Difference in Duplex Receptacles

    Good job. I wish you did the afci to qo as stand alone. Im curious if people hear a difference

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Difference in Duplex Receptacles

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